Termite Catalog

Termite Database

Termitidae: Macrotermitinae

Macrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman, 1781)

Termes bellicosus Smeathman, 1781: 141, 145, 147, 162-163, 172, 178-179, 189-190 []

Type data: neotype: major soldier (BMNH)
Type-locality: Sierra Leone: Njala

Additional records in the literature:

Fabricius 1781: 395 ["Termes fatale"] []
Fabricius 1787: 248 ["Termes fatale"]
Gmelin 1790: 2911-2912 ["Termes fatale"] []
Fabricius 1793: 87, 88 ["Termes fatale"]
Turton 1802: 692-693 ["Termes Fatale"] []
Latreille 1804: 49, 59 ["Termes capensis"]
Latreille 1805: 68 ["Termes capensis"]
Latreille 1819: 92-93 ["Termes capensis"]
Burmeister 1839: 765 ["Termes fatalis", misidentification] []
Savage 1850: 92-104 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Hagen 1853: 479 ["Termes bellicosus", misidentification]
Walker 1853: 508, 509, 510 ["Termes fatalis"]
Hagen 1854: 223 ["Termes bellicosus", misidentification]
Hagen 1855: 55, 59-64, 67-69, 71, 82, 86, 91-92, 137-138, 140, 274, 276-277, 280, 282, 284, 286-287, 289, 291, 293-295, 297, 305, 315, 320-321, 325 ["Termes bellicosus", misidentification]
Hagen 1858: 17 ["Termes (Termes) bellicosus", misidentification] []
Hagen 1858a: 109-121, 241-242, 259, 272, 285, pl. 1: figs. 3, 16, 17, 20, 21, 24 ["Termes (Termes) bellicosus", misidentification] [] [fig:]
Hagen 1860: 102 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Hagen 1862: 57, 59-83, 87, 89, pl. 3 ["Termes bellicosus", misidentification] [] [fig:]
Hagen 1862a: 115 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Girard 1879: 262, 265, 273, 275, 277-279, 281-282 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Gerstäcker 1891: 185 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Sjöstedt 1900: 68, 71, 78, 96-101, pl. 2: figs. H1-H2 ["Termes bellicosus"] [] [fig:]
Czerwinski 1901: 3 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Desneux 1904: 36 ["Termes (Termes) bellicosus"]
Sjöstedt 1904: 23, 32, 34, 41, 50 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Silvestri 1906: 342 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Sjöstedt 1907: 8, 10, 14, pls. 1, 2 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Silvestri 1909: 317 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Wasmann 1910: 124 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Escherich 1911: 22, 23, 35, 40, 137-139, 162 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Sjöstedt 1911: 1 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Sjöstedt 1911a: 143 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Holmgren 1912: 30 ["Termes (Termes) bellicosus"]
Silvestri 1912: 221 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Silvestri 1912a: 1 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Sjöstedt 1912: 5 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Wasmann 1912: 175 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Sjöstedt 1913: 362 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Sjöstedt 1913a: 720 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Bugnion 1914: 195 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Jörschke 1914: 249-254 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Silvestri 1914: 12-13 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Sjöstedt 1914: 1 ["Termes (Termes) bellicosus"]
Desneux 1915: 7 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Sjöstedt 1915: 3, 11 ["Termes (Termes) bellicosus"]
Fuller 1921: 26 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Fuller 1922: 72, 81, 82 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Hegh 1922: 686 ["Termes (Termes) bellicosus"]
Sjöstedt 1922: 242, pl. 1T3 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Fuller 1924: 74, fig. 17 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Sjöstedt 1926: 4 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Sjöstedt 1926a: 143 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Sjöstedt 1926b: 239 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Sjöstedt 1926c: 81, 83, 85, 367, 391, fig. 25 ["Amplitermes bellicosus"] []
Sjöstedt 1926d: 72 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Sjöstedt 1927: 98 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Emerson 1928: 446, fig. 13 ["Macrotermes (Bellicositermes) bellicosus"] []
Silvestri 1934: 40-41, figs. 26, 27 ["Termes bellicosus"] []
Grassé 1936: 278-280, figs. 9, 10 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Harris 1936: 363 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Grassé 1937: 34, pl. 3: fig. 1 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Jucci 1937: 303 ["Termes bellicosus"]
Ghidini 1938: 227, fig. 3, 4 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Ghidini 1939: 186, figs. 1, 2 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Stella 1939: 256, 258, 259 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Harris 1941: 202 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Grassé 1945: 134-136, fig. 17 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Harris 1946: 68 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Harris 1948: 77 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Cachan 1949: 226 ["Amplitermes (Termes) bellicosus"]
Coaton 1949: 10 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Snyder 1949: 209 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Grassé & Noirot 1951: 332 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Lüscher 1951: 34-36 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Ghidini 1955: 70 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Kemp 1955: 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 130 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Noirot 1955: 527-532 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Weidner 1956: 80, figs. 20B, 21A ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Harris 1957: 421, 429 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Bouillon 1958: 200, 206 ["Macrotermes (?) bellicosus"]
Grassé & Noirot 1958: 24 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Harris 1958: 20, pl. 3: fig. 2 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"] []
Grassé & Noirot 1959: 369 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Weidner 1960: 31 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Coaton 1961: 50 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Grassé & Noirot 1961: 314, 320, 336 ff., figs. 4-6, 13, pls. 3, 15 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus", misidentification] [] [fig:]
Harris 1961: 8, 33, 34, 36, 162, figs. 5, 11, pls. 4, 18, 19, 22, 24 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Weidner 1961: 36-41, 73, figs. 13-21 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Coaton 1962: 65, 67, fig. 9 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Coaton 1962a: 163, figs. 6-8 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Harris 1962: 316, 318 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Mathur & Thapa 1962: 54 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Roonwal 1962: 145 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Weidner 1962: 87 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Harris 1963: 5, 23, 24, 38 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Becker 1964: 75-88 ["Macrotermes (Bellicositermes) bellicosus"]
Bodot 1964: 283-291, figs. 1-4, pl. 1 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Ruelle 1964: 56, 61, 62, 68 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Ruelle 1964a: 329, 334, 335 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Hocking 1965: 83, 85 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Sands 1965: 568 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Hecker 1966: 297-352 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Gisler 1967: 82, 144, 147, 162, 165 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Glover 1967: 121-129 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Greaves 1967: 19 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Bodot 1968: 229-258 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Bodot 1969: 44, 45 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Ernst 1969: 146 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Roy-Noël 1969: 137, 138, 160, 161, 162 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Bouillon 1970: 233 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Ruelle 1970: 374-381, figs. 1-20 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"] [] [fig:]
Bodot 1971: 195-207, table 1 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Bouillon & Mathot 1971: 12, table: no. 369 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Roy-Noël 1972: 210-212, 230, 251, 262, 272, tables 1, 3 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Roy-Noël 1974: 526-609, figs. 21, 22 ["Bellicositermes bellicosus"]
Van Ryn 1974: 703 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Weidner 1974: 63 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Bordereau 1975: 363-374 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Roonwal 1975: 46 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Lüscher 1976: 91-103 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Pomeroy 1976: 49-61 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Wood 1976: 149, table 6.1 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Ella & Malaka 1977: 65, 67 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Williams 1977: 122 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Bordereau & Andersen 1978: 251-256 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Delbecque et al. 1978: 40-47 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Vincke & Tilquin 1978: 152, table 1 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Bacchus 1979: 135-142 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Bayode 1979: 162 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Collins 1979: 240-246 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Collins 1980: 42-48 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Johnson et al. 1980: 52, figs. 1, 2 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Medler 1980: 56 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Roonwal et al. 1980: 153 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Collins 1981: 293-311 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Collins 1981a: 313-320 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Deligne et al. 1981: fig. 13A ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Johnson et al. 1981: 751-756 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Singh & Singh 1981: 221, table 5 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Bordereau 1982: 371-396 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Han & Bordereau 1982: 313-322 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Han & Bordereau 1982a: 17-28 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Wood et al. 1982: 25-39 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Lepage 1983: 205-218 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Prestwich 1983: 294 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Howse 1984: 161-162 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Lepage 1984: 107-117 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Prestwich 1984: table 1 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Wanyonyi et al. 1984: 5 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Weidner 1984: 6 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Thorne 1985: 329, table 1 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Lepage & Tano 1986: 133-142 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Ayansola 1987: 40, figs. 1, 7 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"] [] [fig:]
Billen et al. 1987: 415 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Lys & Leuthold 1987: 116-117 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Gerber et al. 1988: 226-240 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Lepage & Tano 1988: 341-344 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Bagine et al. 1989: 125-131 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Billen et al. 1989: 37-45 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Tano & Lepage 1989: 275 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Leuthold 1990: 9-20 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Noirot 1990: 7, fig. 1 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Lys & Leuthold 1991: 161-170 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Rouland et al. 1991: 657-663 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Hinze & Leuthold 1997: 243-246 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Azariz & Rouland 1998: 69-75 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Keller 1998: 241 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Korb & Linsenmair 1998: 51-65 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Korb & Linsenmair 1998a: 335-342 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Lepage 1998: 193-201 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Mora et al. 1998: 77-80 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Sands 1998: 92, 342, 343, 344, 345, figs.171-173, 181-183, 187-188, 199, 200 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Hinze & Leuthold 1999: 392-397 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Jmhasly & Leuthold 1999: 23-33 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Jmhasly & Leuthold 1999a: 164-170 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Jmhasly & Leuthold 1999b: 332-340 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Kaib 1999: 337, 338 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Korb & Linsenmair 1999: 312-316 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Korb & Linsenmair 1999a: 183-191 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Röhrig et al. 1999: 71-77 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Umeh et al. 1999: 251-255 ["Macrotermes nigeriensis"]
Konate et al. 2000: 51-55 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Korb & Linsenmair 2000: 486-494 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Korb & Linsenmair 2000a: 357-363 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Schalkwyk & Moifatswane 2000: 67 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Gessner & Leuthold 2001: 238-244 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Korb & Linsenmair 2001: 257-265 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Korb & Linsenmair 2001a: 324-333 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Noirot 2001: 445, fig. 10A ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Rouland et al. 2001: 739-751 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Hinze et al. 2002: 31-37 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Johnson & Rouland 2002: 193-198 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Jouquet et al. 2002: 161-164 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Korb & Linsenmair 2002: 264-269 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Rouland-Lefèvre et al. 2002: 423-429 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Korb 2003: 212-219, fig. 1 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Belyaeva & Dovgobrod 2006: 504, 506, fig. 6a ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Ndiaye & Han 2006: 60 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]
Wieland 2006: 61, fig. 42 ["Macrotermes bellicosus"]

= imago;

= soldier;

= worker

References

Ayansola, A.A. 1987. A taxonomic study of termite pests of ornamental plants in a rainforest location in southwestern Nigeria. Y.E.S. [Young Entomologists’ Society] Quarterly 4 (3): 38-45.
Azariz, D.; C. Rouland 1998. Étude de la microflore actinomycetale cellulolytique du tube digestif de plusieurs espèces de termites superieurs Africains. Actes des Colloques Insectes Sociaux 11: 69-75.
Bacchus, S. 1979. New exocrine gland on the legs of some Rhinotermitidae (Isoptera). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 8 (2): 135-142.
Bagine, R.K.N.; J.P.E.C. Darlington; P. Kat; J.M. Ritchie 1989. Nest structure, population structure and genetic differentiation of some morphologically similar species of Macrotermes in Kenya. Sociobiology 15 (2): 125-132.
Bayode, E.M. 1979. A preliminary survey of termite fauna of the southern states of Nigeria. Material und Organismen 14 (3): 161-171.
Becker, G. 1964. Reaktion von Insekten auf Magnetfelder, elektrische Felder und atmospherics. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 54 (1-2): 75-88.
Belyaeva, N.V.; L.G. Dovgobrod 2006. The genitalia of termites (Isoptera): possibilities of using in taxonomy. Entomological Review 86 (5): 501-508 (English translation from the Russian).
Billen, J.; L. Joye; R.H. Leuthold 1989. Fine structure of the labial gland in Macrotermes bellicosus (Isoptera, Termitidae). Acta Zoologica Stockholm 70 (1): 37-45.
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